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Monday, September 30, 2019

Caspar David Friederich: Dreamer (Ruins of the Oybin)

Dreamer (Ruins of the Oybin), 1835
entered the Hermitage in 1918
transferred from the Anichkov Palace
(image source: pinterest)
no copyright infringement intended


This time the Rückenfigur is no longer a man. but the ruin of a cathedral. There is also the man here, of course, only he is rather completing our circle of viewers.

Here the portal of the cathedral has the role of Sprecher, of Vorleser: the priest staying in front of us, with his back to us, looking ahead, contemplating the infinite, focusing us on it. I read somewhere about the Sprecher from the medieval mysteries. Elsewhere I found again the Rückenfigur, referred to Buddhist rituals.

So is here the cathedral portal acting as a silent Sprecher? Or maybe the trees behind? Then the portal having the role of the Beatiful Gate from Eastern Orthodox churches?

I like Friederich's work a lot, while also it scares me a little. Maybe because of his too mystical approach? I'm much more relaxed in front of a Constable (or even a Turner), his contemporaries.

Or maybe what frightens me at Friederich is his very modern radicalism? Everyting reduced to the essence, we as the viewers and co-participants, the Sprecher in the middle, the background suggesting the ultimate impenetrability of the Universe?



(Caspar David Friedrich)

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Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Caspar David Friederich, Chalk Cliffs on Rügen

Chalk Cliffs on Rügen, 1818
Oskar Reinhart Collection (Am Römerholz in Winterthur, CH)
(image source: artsdot)
no copyright infringement intended


The painting depicts the view from the chalk cliffs of the Stubbenkammer, at that time one of the most famous lookout points on the island of Rügen. It is frequently but incorrectly believed that the Wissower Klinken outcrops in particular were a model for the painting; however, these did not exist at the time of the painting's creation, but appeared later because of erosion. Friedrich often composed his landscapes from carefully chosen elements of different sketches, so that a specific location is not necessarily discernible. Two trees, whose leaves cover the upper third of the painting, frame the scenery. Two men and a woman in town clothes gaze in wonder at the view. The thin figure in the middle is usually interpreted as Caspar David Friedrich himself. His hat lies beside him as a sign of humility. He seeks for a foothold in the grass as a symbol of the transience of life and looks into the abyss opening before him - the abyss of death. On the right, the man with crossed arms leans against the trunk of a dying tree and looks far out to the sea. The two tiny sailboats stand as symbols for the soul which opens to eternal life and correspond to the figures of the two men On the left, the woman in a red dress (who is usually identified as Friedrich's wife Caroline) sits beside an almost dried-up shrub: only the twigs around her face are leafing out. With her right hand she points either at the abyss or at the flowers bordering it. In contrast to the men, who gaze either at the abyss or into the distance, she communicates with the other figures - whether she feels threatened by the abyss or compelled by the natural beauty is unclear. The colors of the figure's clothes are also symbolic. The middle figure is blue, the color of faith; the left figure is red, that of love; and the right figure is green, that of hope. Thus they can be interpreted as embodiments of the three Christian theological virtues: faith, hope and love (source: artsdot)


The use of the Rückenfigur is common in Friedrich's works: a person (it could be also an object, for instance an unleafy tree, or a ruin) seen from behind stays in the foreground, contemplating with us together the view from the background, focusing us, his neck forcing us to view through his eyes, unseen by us, communicating us his emotion, making it our own. It's our mediator, and even if obviously silent, he is speaking for us and to us, our priest, our Sprecher, our Vorleser.

Well, here in the Chalk Cliffs on Rügen we have not one, but three Sprechers: one man contemplating the infinite of life, the other aghast of the abyss of death, while the lady is mediating between the two opposites, graciously putting them in balance.


(Caspar David Friedrich)

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Tuesday, February 26, 2013

Claude-Joseph Vernet: Morning



Vernet's Morning reveals the later 18th-century landscape tradition out of which Friedrich developed his later Romantic seascape compositions. Friedrich borrowed Vernet's compositions in which prominent beholders stand with their backs to the real spectator and gaze into a hazy infinity of picturesque voyaging. If mid-eighteenth-century Europe saw the mature development of the Grand Tour with its focus on classical and Renaissance monuments in Italy, later eighteenth-century travel culture expanded the Grand Tour by including a wider range of Gothic monuments in Northern Europe and a search for sublime landscapes in Germany, the Alps, the mountains outside Florence, and the Amalfi coast. With its wistful reverie and pair of kindred spirits before a hazy seascape where boats voyage off into a mysterious infinity (itself indebted to Claude's harbor scenes with sunsets), Vernet's Morning anticipates the new interest in landscape contemplation and interior musing seen in later eighteenth travel literature such as William Beckford's Dreams, Waking Thoughts, and Incidents (1783). Friedrich took this landscape tradition and deepened its removal from the picturesque mundane and momentary by removing genre elements, heightening sublime contrasts of light and dark, near and far, replacing familiar sunsets with more eerie moon light, and enlarging the introspective beholders in the foreground.


(Vernet)

(Caspar David Friedrich)

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Caspar David Friedrich






(Old Masters)

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Monday, July 21, 2008

Kimsooja



A woman standing immobile, with the back to the camera. Perfectly motionless. You cannot see anything from her but the silhouette. She's contemplating the continuous motion of the river. Water moving slowly, detritus floating, sometimes metallic junk, of various shapes and sizes, something white comes and goes, now and then, ice, or maybe chemical debris, birds flying over the water. Flow of the river, fabric of life.

For Kimsooja, artist's practices are similar to that of Buddhist monks in the sense that they both try to liberate and go beyond themselves.

Because the woman standing still on the screen, perfectly anonymous, her back to us, is actually she, Kimsooja, the author of this movie.

A movie that does not belong to Performing Arts. It is not a Performing piece: it is a Performance artwork. The difference is subtle: she did not perform in order to create the movie; on the contrary, she created the movie in order to perform in front of us each time.

She is staying there, motionless, contemplating the river, till she feels that the river becomes immobile and she is moving.

For us, to understand the flow of the river, a referential is needed. She, the motionless woman, anonymous, rear to us, she is the referential. As we are watching, we realize more and more that she is there as anyone of us. That's why she has to remain anonymous, she is only a reference point for us; and we enter the trance, her trance, till we are starting to feel that the river becomes immobile and we are moving.

In that moment the temporal has disappeared; it remains the eternal: no past, no future, only a continuous flow, flow of the Cosmos, fabric of Cosmos, and we become part of it.

I am thinking now at the movies of Satyajit Ray: his Apu Trilogy, perhaps the greatest cinematic artwork ever: the conflict between cosmos and history, between eternity and temporal.

A Laundry Woman, Yamuna River, Delhi, the 10 minutes movie of Kimsooja: there is no beginning, no end, no good, no bad, no past, no future, only a continuous moment, flowing unaware of us, till we become part of it, till we flow and it remains motionless, stillness and motion no more distinct.

So, she is - as Buddhist monks should be - a mediator, to make us realize where the temporal becomes senseless.

The approach isn't new: art critics have noted the similarity with the Rückenfigur from the paintings of the Romanticist Caspar David Friedrich. Well, Friedrich used as referentials not only humans - sometimes a solitary tree, sometimes the ruines of a church - but the approach is the same (look at the presentation attached at the end of this post). And the similarity is striking if we look at his most famous canvas, Der Wanderer über dem Nebelmeer (The Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog).

And we can go further back in the art history, to the Sprecher character from Medieval paintings: only here, in the movie of Kimsooja, the Sprecher is silent.




(Hirshhorn Museum)

(Contemporary Art)

(Filmofilia)

(Caspar David Friedrich)




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